Holmes+Rolston+III

=Holmes Rolston III =   Holmes Rolston III asserts that other things besides humans can assign value. Rolston assigns value to non-humans things on different levels. Rolston says that animals have human independent value because they defend their lives. Rolston also says that we commit a fallacy (which fallacy? Subjectivist fallacy? Explain!) if we claim that other animals cannot value (or when we say that animals do not possess intrinsic value??) . Rolston thinks that we can see when other things are suffering due to our common evolutionary history.


 Rolston says that organisms have value because organisms have “goods of their kind.” (Explain - what are "goods of their kind? how does this tie in to species?)  Organisms value other things, so how can we say that they are not of value to them? How can organisms, when considered like this, have no value? (Avoid rhetorical questions here. Instead state the claim directly).  Rolston says that species have value, because the species is able to keep a biological identity by passing genes from one individual to the next.


 Rolston says that ecosystems have value because ecosystems support and maintain all of the parts that live in and make up that ecosystem. Ecosystems allow for the process of evolution to happen, the gradual change in ecosystems over time, cooperates with the gradual change in species over time. Rolston says that Earth has value, because Earth is able to produce valuable species, animals, organisms, and ecosystems.

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<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Rolston says that nature has value, because of the positive creativity that exists in nature. <span style="background-color: rgb(0, 255, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">(What is positive creativity for Rolston? Explain. Arguments here that he uses?) <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;"> Rolston also says that it is dangerous, in this time of environmental crisis, to set up our species as the only source of value, and to assign value to other things relative to us <span style="font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif;">. (Cozby/Davis)